ABSTRACT
Soviet thinkers tend to regard Zionism as a manifestation of the outlook and aspirations of the world of the Jewish bourgeoisie. To Soviet writers, moreover, Zionism found the ways and means to demonstrate its age-old sense of Jewishness which is reflected in Jewish ghettos. Zionist activities in Russia in 1873 became noticeable when a Central Committee was established as part of the Israeli United International in countries to Russia such as Germany and Austria. The work of the Israeli United International in Russia was conducted in secrecy, and its activities were aimed at encouraging politically and religiously alienated Jews in Russia. The geographical situation of the Arab world, stretching from the Arabian Gulf to North Africa, had decided the historical relations between the Czarist regime and the Middle East. Britain and France were able in this way to reduce Russian advances in these areas.
