ABSTRACT
This chapter focuses on the reasons to identify the next phase of globalization in developments that began in the 1500s and deals with the huge implications of the changes in global geography – the inclusion of the Americas, and what this led to in terms of the further globalization of human basics like diseases and foods. The phase of globalization that opened up after 1500 brought significant environmental change as regions sought or were forced to seek new roles in world markets. As European prosperity increased more rapidly than that of any other region during the period of protoglobalization, attitudes changed accordingly. In 1500, European venturers typically expressed awe at the great cities they encountered, even in central America, and there was considerable admiration for Africa as well. Interestingly, Ottoman rulers did begin to import European doctors, though in fact their knowledge was not notably superior to that of Islamic physicians at the time.
