ABSTRACT
Cognitive psychology is a broad subfield in the discipline of psychology, and its findings range across an array of topics related to perception and cognition. Although learning is certainly influenced to some extent by behavior and consequences, human beings, they argued, tend to act upon and reorder the stimuli that constitute their environment, largely through the uniquely human instrument of language. Verbal learning theorists and linguists were developing new models to explain language behavior. Communications engineering developed as a new science, and systems analysts began to describe what took place between input and output in a computer. Top-down processing theory emphasizes the importance of meaning making in the processing of information. Long-term memory is what most people mean when they refer to memory, and this kind of memory is usually the concern of teachers and students.
