ABSTRACT
Cooperation is one of the strongest forces in human evolution (Szathmáry 2015). Long before humans wandered the Earth, cooperation started among single-cell organisms, billions of years ago, that became responsive to certain chemical signals from other single-cell organisms in their local environment. At some point, some of these single cells transformed into multicellular organisms and gave up individual reproduction. Later, some of these multicellular creatures started to cooperate with each other, for example, ants communicating with chemical signals, cetaceans with languages we do not yet understand, and us—gossiping apes.
