ABSTRACT
The concept of heritage, rooted in modernity, emerged in Europe over two centuries ago alongside the decline of feudal systems and the rise of nation states. It gained significance as cultural, and natural sites became symbols of identity, education and leisure. Colonial expansion in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries spread the idea globally, leading to international charters and conventions. Cultural heritage now encompasses various types and forms, from historic monuments to cultural landscapes and intangible traditions. Natural heritage protection has also become a global movement, including mountains, volcanoes, deserts, forests, and marine areas. Heritage extends beyond physical sites to intangible cultural elements, shaping communities worldwide. A complex heritage system has evolved, involving international and national policies, institutions and economic structures, with museums playing crucial roles. International treaties have supported heritage preservation, but challenges arise due to tensions surrounding conservation, social and economic pressures. This book focuses on physical heritage sites, recognising the blurring boundary between cultural and natural heritage. It highlights internal tensions arising from historical ideologies and external pressures like economic development, climate change and technological shifts, all of which impact heritage concepts. The idea of heritage continues to evolve, reflecting societal changes and international dynamics.
