ABSTRACT
The tension between universalism and cultural diversity shapes contemporary heritage policies. Universalism uses standardised criteria, rooted in Western values, while communities seek recognition of their diverse traditions. Universalism, seen in international laws and declarations like the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, promotes fundamental values applicable to all. Yet, it has been used to justify colonial expansion and power dynamics. The return of cultural objects taken during colonial times, like the Parthenon Marbles, exemplifies this tension. The push for cultural diversity gained momentum in the 1990s, redefining culture and heritage policies. Initiatives like the Burra Charter in Australia prioritise significance, conservation planning, change management, interpretation, indigenous heritage, and education. These principles influence global heritage conservation, striking a balance between universal values and respecting the rich tapestry of cultural identities.
