ABSTRACT
The consequences of colonialism are deeply ingrained in the landscapes, cultures, and histories of regions that were once colonised. Monuments, architectural styles, and urban structures reflect the dominance of colonial powers, often triggering conflicting sentiments. Colonialism's influence can be seen in various historical examples. The Roman Empire imposed its architectural style across its dominions, though it was perceived as oppressive by subjugated peoples. The Arab and Ottoman empires left architectural and cultural marks but are also remembered for erasing native cultures. European colonial expansion in the last 500 years reshaped modernity and led to vast territorial conquests, destruction of native heritage, and creation of maritime empires. Post-colonial heritage has become a subject of debate and conflict, often unresolved due to the complex layers of history involved. Scholars like Edward Said have highlighted the biases in interpreting colonial heritage. Archaeology played a role in colonial discourse, emphasising Western superiority and past civilisations. Natural heritage, including national parks, carries colonial legacies and often involved the forced displacement of Indigenous populations. Some structures symbolising colonial domination have been removed, while shared heritage initiatives attempt to foster dialogue and understanding. However, the challenges of decolonising heritage conservation remain complex and ongoing.
