ABSTRACT
The intertwining of heritage and human rights has gained prominence in the last century through international agreements that shape the principles guiding heritage policies. Cultural rights have often encountered obstacles in national policies, stemming from fears of conflicting with established human rights or challenging state authority. Disputes often arise due to the exploitation of valuable lands, leading to human rights violations, particularly among marginalised populations. Cases like the Ngorongoro Conservation Area and Bardiya National Park highlight conflicts between conservation objectives and local cultural rights. International legal instruments, such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and various covenants, emphasise cultural rights, though not explicitly linking them to heritage rights. UNESCO has played a pivotal role in compensating for this gap, with instruments like the Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity. The recognition of Indigenous peoples' rights in heritage conservation has been a slow but important process. Initiatives by IUCN and UNESCO have paved the way, yet challenges persist. The gender dimension of heritage is also evolving, with a growing focus on gender equality and women's roles in heritage management and conservation. Additionally, heritage sites related to LGBT+ history have emerged as symbols of struggle and rights recognition.
