ABSTRACT
In the twentieth century, international heritage conservation principles emerged from the dissemination of European-developed heritage concepts to other regions, often via colonial channels. This expansion broadened cultural heritage to encompass monuments, landscapes, and more. Nature conservation also evolved, embracing biodiversity and ecological management. The interwar period saw pivotal developments. The 1931 Athens Charter set a cornerstone, establishing global heritage conservation ideals and techniques. The 1935 Roerich Pact marked the first international agreement safeguarding cultural heritage during conflict. Differing visions on nature conservation emerged, pitting “conservationists” focusing on resource management against “preservationists” advocating total protection, influencing modern strategies. The interwar era yielded widespread national heritage legislation, driven by nationalism and tourism. Nations bolstered existing frameworks and introduced innovative laws. “Protected areas” gained traction, seen in France's 1930 law and similar global acts. The period birthed national parks, reserves, and conservation programmes, shaped by regional nuances. In summary, the twentieth century birthed international heritage conservation principles through key events, evolving nature conservation, and national legal frameworks protecting diverse heritage.
