ABSTRACT
The recognition of heritage as a focal point of public policy is a significant achievement shaped by generations of intellectuals, policymakers, advocacy groups, and cultural institutions. This global movement, spanning two centuries, has led to the integration of cultural and natural heritage protection into legislation, administration, policies, and social movements worldwide. Numerous international legal documents, protocols, and treaties underscore its significance. Heritage preservation is underscored by its role in tourism, media, and public responses when sites are threatened. UNESCO's campaigns have notably contributed, safeguarding sites of global importance through international cooperation. These campaigns have revitalised historic urban centres, archaeological areas, and monuments, exemplified by successes in cities like Venice, Fès, and Havana. Central to this heritage endeavour is the World Heritage Convention, a remarkable UNESCO achievement that shapes contemporary principles. It fosters a community of experts, enhances heritage's role in society, sets global policy frameworks, and champions good conservation practices. Despite these successes, heritage faces limitations and challenges. Destructive forces, including overtourism and unsustainable development, imperil heritage sites. Climate change exacerbates these threats, affecting both natural and cultural heritage. Conflicts and political agendas intertwine with heritage, often leading to disputes and manipulation. Heritage discourse is increasingly politicised, reflecting power imbalances and the struggle to recognise diverse historical narratives.
