ABSTRACT
Two key approaches to morality are explored in this chapter. Utilitarianism looks to the consequences of an act or rule in order to determine which outcome brings about the greatest happiness for the greatest number. The views, in particular, of Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill constitute the central account of this philosophy. It is contrasted with deontology which holds that certain choices cannot be defended by their outcomes; it does not matter how morally good their consequences may turn out to be, certain choices are morally wrong. The focus here is on Immanuel Kant which is evaluated in detail. The chapter ends with a consideration of the utilitarian position adopted by Peter Singer, on the one hand, and the deontological approach of Tom Regan. The views of Christine Korsgaard (on Kant) and Paola Cavalieri are canvassed.
