ABSTRACT
Until the EC’s Circular Economy Plan of 2020, there have been no guiding policies to influence either companies or consumers. Without a clear policy – whether restricting or directive – active participants were left to their own devices. This has resulted in a wide range of spontaneous activities, all playing a small part in the transition towards a circular chemical industry. These activities fall into four main categories: CO2 as energy in chemical processes, research into organic raw materials, recycling and combinations thereof.
