ABSTRACT
In this chapter, current foundations of learning sciences are summarized. The current foundations include two sections: mathematical foundations and empirical studies. The mathematical foundation section also includes two subsections. The first one is learning science specific, which means it is motivated by the special need of learning science, such as Knowledge/Learning Spaces Theory, Item Response Theory. The second subsection is general mathematical approaches applied in learning sciences, such as academic achievement predictions, learning behavior identifications. The empirical study section includes classic explanatory theories and their recent progresses in the domains related to multi-space learning theory.
