Introduction

For many, Japan presents a paradox. On the one hand, popular images portray it as a land where ancient arts and colorful festivals flourish. Steeped in a venerable past, Japan is instinctively associated with tradition. Buddhist temples are heirs to a spiritual wisdom that defies logic, and Shinto shrines, wrapped in misty legend, pay homage to nature. It is a society where complex codes of etiquette are scrupulously observed and rich ceremonialism and quaint customs move solemnly to a rhythm of ritualism. Exchanging gifts, seasonal events, the popularity of etiquette manuals, self-effacing meetings, and the endless entry/exit formalities of school and workplace permeate Japanese society. Indeed, as a Japanese saying phrases it, “there are formalities even between close friends.” ¹ But other images suggests that Japanese society moves to a much more modern rhythm; it is where proficient workers march lock-step to the tune of powerful corporations and government bureaucracies; school and employee uniforms are ubiquitous; public transportation is invariably punctual; and a general sense of practical efficiency and public orderliness reigns.