ABSTRACT
L and reform had very considerably modified for both Poland and Czechoslovakia the basic European pattern of rural economy. By 1948 landlords, large and small, were gone or were on the way out: only the man who worked on his place himself could supposedly continue to hold it. The large estate as a private institution, with all the prestige and authority attaching to it, was no more. Agricultural wage labour was still freely permitted, but its numbers were on the decline, since many landless labourers had now received land and since the industrialization programme was beginning to draw them to the towns.
