Old Grammar Schools. When we speak of the old Grammar Schools we usually include schools of different organisation, size and even curriculum in this group. The nine Public Schools, which we separated in Table I, formed a distinctive group of their A group of old schools in large cities, connected intimately with the new merchant class which was then emerging as a result of the industrial revolution, had to accept a certain measure of reform in deference to the demands of their clientele. The majority of the endowed schools in small market towns or large villages formed a third distinct group. They had the sons of the poorer local gentry, local clergy and local £'lrmers. To speak of them all as representing a uniform tradition opposed to a realistic curriculum is contrary to established facts. It is comprehensible that the limelight of historical research was concentrated on the nine Public Schools. They were the largest, the most famous and the wealthiest in their endowments. They catered for the titled aristocracy and squirearchy and consequently most of the ruling members in State and Church were their alumni. Because of their character and connections they inevitably became the mainstay of tradition and orthodoxy and were the last to change their ways. Even so in the eighties these schools made some tentative steps to keep abreast of the time. We know that all nine schools started inviting outside scientists to deliver lectures on experimental philosophy. But if we want to see new tendencies among the old Grammar Schools we should turn to the second group. It was the schools situated in the middle of commercial communities like Christ's Hospital, Manchester or Newcastle which took the lead.