ABSTRACT
This chapter discusses the animal prototypes of the human behavior. The often quoted dictum of the English historian William Stubbs that the roots of the present lie deep in the past is, of course, as true with ret erence to biological and social-psychological matters as it is in the field of human institutions. The biological principle of gradual increase in complexity of structure and function may be accepted, and in this development the effects of many of the prior structures and functions are found to be the bases upon which later elaborations of adaptive capacity are founded. Group solidarity is witnessed in the co-operative activity just noted, in protection of the young and helpless, and in avoidant and aggressive treatment of strangers introduced into the group. There is clearly a prototype of the human in-group. The social setting permits tuition by the mother of the young, but, since culture in the human sense is lacking, such teaching is limited.
