ABSTRACT
The services of local government in the sphere of public health were practically created during the second half of the century. Nevertheless, from the standpoint of the workers, the changes of the second half of the century appear far less drastic than those of the earlier period. There were working-class leaders in the first part of the nineteenth century as clever, as well-read, and as educated as any since. In the early part of the century, the workers were left to provide their own newspapers because it was not worth anyone else's while to provide, for them. The commercial classes vied with the working-class propagandists in catering for the workers' reading. In the latter part of the century, Charles Darwin, Herbert Spencer and T. H. Huxley were making their mark on working-class thought to an extent that would have been impossible before the coming of popular education.
