ABSTRACT
ironically enough, Chinese monarchism not only ended as bankrupt with Japanese receivers, but had marked its panic long before with a desperate reaching out for Japanese procedures. The Ch’ing and their supporters, back in the days of the post-Boxer ‘Manchu Reform Movement’ and right down to 1911, had taken to insisting on Ch’ing eternity in the midst of the myriad changes that the Ch’ing were forced to bless, and they did it by repeating ‘Wan-shih i-hsi’, the Bansei ikkei, ‘One line throughout ten thousand ages’, that celebrated Japan’s imperial house. 1 It hardly belonged in China, with the latter’s long centuries of non-feudal imperium, in which the mandate was not necessarily inheritable.
