ABSTRACT
The last chapter referred especially to the exploitation of China in the period of Mongol occupation, which lasted some ninety years (a.d. 1280–1368). One very powerful and enduring consequence of this, among the Chinese people at large, was a deeply instilled xenophobia. No nation, in all history perhaps, has ever been entirely free from anti-foreign feeling or prejudice; but it has existed in China in the last few centuries in a particularly sharp and explicit form. The Mongol domination is perhaps especially or originally to blame for this, to a large extent. Under it, the presence of the foreigner, and political subjection to him (or discrimination in his favour) came to be primarily associated with economic exploitation by him of the resources of China and the labour of the Chinese. It is noteworthy that all revolts against the Mongols stressed primarily economic rather than racial grievances.
