ABSTRACT
This chapter discusses the instrumentation available to undertake the measurement of temperature, pressure, fluid flow, the analysis of gases and combustion products, humidity and dewpoint with their practical applications. Heat-affected properties of substances, such as thermal expansion, radiation and electrical effects are used in commercial temperature measuring instruments. The fusion of pyrometric cones is widely used in ceramic industry as a method of measuring high temperatures in refractory heating furnaces. These cones, small pyramids about 5 cm high, are made of selected mixtures of oxides and glass which soften and melt at established temperatures. The change of vapour pressure with temperature is utilised in the vapour-pressure thermometer which consists of a bulb partially filled with liquid and a capillary tube leading from bulb to a pressure gauge calibrated to read temperature directly, the temperature scale being non-uniform. The radiation pyrometer has been developed into a laboratory research instrument of extreme sensitivity and high precision over a wide range of temperature.
