ABSTRACT
In The Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation the principle 'cuius regio, eius religio' was introduced. The Islamic threat at both flanks of Christianity could not overshadow the political and religious competition between 'West Rome' and 'East Rome'. When the Islamic expansion was taken over by the Turks from the Arabs, it turned out gradually to change its character. The Arabs set up caliphates in Damascus, Baghdad, Cordoba and Cairo without the sense of solidarity within the Arab nation thereby being curtailed. The internal struggles in Europe during the Middle Ages must not divert attention from the continuous fight against the advance of Islam. The secularization may be compared to a violent swing of a pendulum, which of course has swung back: that now Islam is an integral part of the national feeling cannot be denied. Although the secular establishment consists of many atheists and agnostics, evidently even more Muslims by convention without questioning Islam as the national religion.
