ABSTRACT
The countries which have at one time or another formed part of the Ottoman Empire include Hungary, Roumania, and parts of Southern Russia, but for the last half-century, at any rate, the expression Turkey in Europe may be restricted to the countries south of the Danube. It is true that many of these countries do not politically form part of Turkey any longer, but for all of them the presence of the Turks in Europe has been the most important fact of the last five hundred years, and their history is the record of a struggle, more or less successful, against the Sultan.
