ABSTRACT
In a review of research on organizational leadership, Burton Gummer alludes to the major role which is played by executives of organizations in determining the overall effectiveness of the organizations (1979, p. 359). The social organization may not be the “elongated shadow” of the executive, as Gummer suggests, but, from a functional and operational point of view, the executive is certainly at least a truncated or symbolic reflection of what the organization is and does and how it does what it does.
