ABSTRACT
Following on from the discussion of economic instruments in Chapter 6, and the use of environmental taxes, charges and subsidies, and tradable pollution and resource-use permits in Chapter 7, these next two chapters look in more detail at valuation issues. This chapter considers investment and the discounting of future values, while Chapter 9 reviews the problems with identification and integration of costs and benefits, which may in practice be distributed across different projects, countries, or generations.
