ABSTRACT
This chapter examines various theoretical perspectives of how competence is operationalized and measured. The study of human behavior uses scientific methods to gain knowledge about the development of people and the social systems that make up their environments. Most research methods used to develop human behavior theories require theorists to garner a complete, detailed description of the subject matter using one or more methods. Richardson identified three waves of resilience research findings that have led resilience-enhancing educational programs and therapeutic interventions. Depending on the particular treatment issue being addressed, cognitive–behavioral therapy (CBT) interventions are structured to promote greater competence by changing individuals' distorted thoughts and consequent behaviors that result in difficulties in functioning. CBT interventions are effective at decreasing depression and anxiety across the life course. Depression and anxiety are the most common mental health problems among older adults.
