ABSTRACT
All criminal codes, whether written or unwritten, are highly specialized dicta, having developed an internal logic of their own, often over centuries of evolution. The observation probably applies to all six of the countries in the study. Indonesia, India, Iran, and Yugoslavia especially have been occupied many times by foreign powers; Yugoslavia and the United States have undergone revolution. Italy underwent a late unification in comparison to other countries, having had before that time a multifarious set of criminal codes in relation to its many autonomous states. There are, however, some major difficulties in translating our general act descriptions into the relevant criminal law of each country. The application of criminal law to the act descriptions is, of course, difficult just as it is to real life offenses. The most clearly to the acts of robbery, incest, appropriation, and factory pollution in New York, and to the acts of incest, appropriation, and public protest in Yugoslavia.
