Glossary

Aqausiq Arctic song composed by a relative at the birth of a child, consecrating a lifelong link between the two people (376, 378)

Arbeterring 'Workmen's Circle', a fraternal, socialist-leaning organization among East European Jewish immigrants (939)

arpa harp Diaronic harp with many regional variants in Mexico and Central and South America (473,493,723)

'ataba and mijana Improvised sung folk poetry, with alternation of metric and non metric sections (1035)

autoharp String instrument similar to a zither, used as accompaniment in folk and country and western music (78, 240, 868, 880)

autos sacramentales Short Spanish religious dramas typically performed on the occasion of religious feast days and including music and dance (848, 850)

ayai Cambodian repartee singing accompanied by a small ensemble, sometimes performed by Cambodians in the United States (1001)

backbeat Emphasis placed on beats two and four, usually by the snare drum (671)

baile de venado Deer dance performed by the Yaqui Indians during the Easter season (851)

bajista bajo sexto or bajo quinto player (775, 778-779)

bajo de unas Fretted, flat-backed lure with four strings that are either plucked or struck with a mallet; similar to the orchestral string bass in shape and function (1025)

bajo quinto Bajo sexto without the sixth (E/e) string pair (775)

bajo sexto Guitar with six double courses of steel strings, used in Texas-Mexican conjunto music (723,772-776,779,781)

balafo (balaphon) African xylophone (593) balalaika Russian/Balkan plucked fretted lute with

a triangle-shaped resonator (57-58 , 59, 529, 915, 917,920,1199)

ballad opera Originating in eighteenth-century England, a comic play with songs in which new texts are set to familiar tunes (46, 137, 179-182,189,542,837,839, 1079,1118)

ban Chinese hollow wood block instrument (see index)

bantlalorquesta synonymous terms for Tejano dance bands similar in instrumentation to Anglo-American swing bands

banda (I) Brass band, wind band; (2) in Mexico, particular regional styles and repertoires of music; (3) in the 1990s, a highly popular commercial music based on regional bandas (723, 746,770,772-773,778-779,781,1085)

banda sinaloense Performing style from the state of Sinaloa in Mexico (746)

banda tipica Early-twentieth century TexasMexican string band (772-773)

bandoneon Large button accordion, particularly popular in the revival of Argentine tango music in the late twentieth century (730)

bandurria (bandurria) Fretted, flat-backed plucked lute with fourteen strings in six courses used for soprano and alto voices in the rondalla, found in Spain and Latin America (1025)

bangu Type of Chinese drum (960-961) banjo Fretted chordophone of African origin with

four or five strings on a neck attached to a drumlike body; depending on the number of strings, played with a plectrum or finger picks (see index)

bazm Iranian private musical social event (1034, 1041)

Bear Dance Ute ceremony usually (but not always) conducted in the spring; characterized by women's choice couple dancing and the use of a large rasp that accompanies the singing (415, 422-427,525, 1087)

beat box Also drum machine, (I) electronic percussion characteristic of hip-hop music from the 1980s; (2) an orally produced percussion sound emulating electronic beatbox or drum machine;

(3) to produce hip-hop oral percussion, usually to accompany an MC

bel canto Italian opera style of the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries that emphasizes beautiful vocal tone and lyrical phrasing (181, 528, 551,863,930)

Bembe Afro-Cuban religious music celebration berimbao Used to accompany the Brazilian capoeira

dance, a musical bow with gourd resonator held against the chest and struck on its metal string with a small stick (730)

bhajan Hindu devotional song genre (814, 817, 950,982-984,989-990,1084,1246)

bijuela Musical bow found in New Mexican Hispano communities (762)

bitsitsi Reed instrument played by the Zuni Indians (478)

biwa Japanese pear-shaped plucked lute with a bent neck, usually having four or five strings and played with a large plectrum (968-969)

blackface Practice commonly used in American minstrelsy, in which African Americans are portrayed by performers whose faces have been blackened by burnt cork (see index)

blow harmony Technique used by singers to blow vocables into a microphone for sound effects (671)

blue note In blues and blues-influenced music (for example, jazz, rock and roll), a note that falls between two adjacent notes in the modern Western division of the octave (twelve equal intervals)' expressed variously as a neutral pitch, an upward slur within a semitone range, a wavering of pitch, or a simultaneous sounding of Hat and natural pitches (457, 523, 539, 593, 641-642,644,648,659,665,711)

bluegrass Hybrid of Appalachian "old-time" (hillbilly) music developed by Bill Munroe in 1938 in Kentucky; usually performed by four to seven people singing and accompanying themselves on acoustic chordophones including guitar, mandolin, fiddle, five-string banjo, and bass (see index)

blues scale a scale incorporating one or more blue notes (642)

bo Chinese cymbals mainly used in theatres and on ceremonial occasions (960)

bodhran Traditional Irish hand-held frame drum (326,842)

bolero (I) Spanish dance in triple meter, originating in the late eighteenth century and frequently performed by a pair of dancers with castanets; (2) Cuban duple meter dance and song form characterized by distinctive, interlocking rhythmic patterns; (3) romantic song of Mexican origin with a slow rumba beat (737, 739, 775, 781, 793,795)

bomba Genre of Afro-Puerto Rican music and dance centered on the bomba drums (337, 5 I 6, 726-727,799)

bongo drums (bongoes) Pair of small hand-played conical single-headed Afro-Cuban drums from which different pitches and percussive qualities may be produced (726)

boogie-woogie bass line Rhythmic pattern that outlines chord structures on the first, third, fifth, sixth, and eighth degrees of the scale in a series of eighth notes; played by the left hand on the piano or a bass guitar in a combo against a syncopated pattern in the right hand (668, 670)

bouzouki Greek multistringed instrument that since the late 1970s has been incorporated into Irish traditional music (504, 529-530, 826, 842, 930, I 199)

box drum Box-shaped wooden drum, open at both ends, sometimes played at North Alaskan feasts (375,400)

box fiddle In the Eastern Arctic, a three-stringed box-shaped fiddle, presumably inspired by the fiddles observed in the hands of the early whalers (375)

brass band Musical ensemble popular during the nineteenth century, normally consisting of brass and percussion instruments (I I, 1094)

break Section of a popular R&B, disco, or funk song of the I 970s and early 1980s in which harmonic instruments drop out and percussion (that is, congas, bongos, cowbells, and timbales) is featured; considered by DJs and dancers to be the most rhythmically exciting section

bridge (I) Mechanical device made of wood, metal, bone, or some combination of these, located at or near the center of the body of a chordophone and over which the strings pass, causing the body of the instrument to resonate the vibrations produced by the strings; (2) term used to describe melodic structure in popular music, the bridge being the second or B part of a two-part A, B melody or a contrasting instrumental section in songs

broadside ballad Songs published cheaply on large pieces of newspaper (broadsides) that present stories in a straightforward manner, accompanied by blocky, often undistinguished tunes that may be reused (180, 834,1123-1124, 1188, 1257)

bugal .. Blend of Latin rhythms and African American rhythm and blues (799)

bugle Military trumpet developed around 1880 that contains side holes operated by keys (83, 899,969)

bullroarer Friction aerophone, or wind instrument, typically constructed as a trapezoid-shaped wooden slab tied to a string or leather thong and whirled in the air to produce a buzzing sound, found in the Arctic and elsewhere in the world

bygdelag Community life and traditional activities of Norwegian setders; in the United States these practices fell into decline in the early twentieth century (866, 869, 881)

caft aman Coffeehouse tradition of music, conversation, and refreshment found in American Middle Eastern communities (1032-1033)

cajita musical' Small musical box', mounted on a stand and played with two sticks as part of the Afro-Cuban rumba ensemble (729)

cajones Boxes played like drums in Afro-Cuban music (786)

calinda African dance performed in French West Indies and Louisiana (596)

call-response style Antiphonal singing between leader and chorus; major musical characteristic

of African American music, especially work songs and blues (8 I 4)

caller Person who calls out the choreography to the dancers during a performance of social square dance music (231,233-234,746,760,865, 887,1256)

cancion (pI. canciones) (I) Popular Mexican song genre; (2) topical song (730, 736-739, 755-756,797,1204)

cancion ranchera Mexican country song, embracing a variety of formal structures, meters, and tempos; evocative of rural life or themes (739, 755-756)

Can Con regulations Regulations introduced by the Canadian Radio and Telecommunications Commission in 1970 requiring Canadian radio stations to playa certain quota of Canadian music (18, 314, 1103-1104)

canned music (I) Prerecorded music, as opposed to live performance; (2) expression used by musicians to refer derogatorily to recorded music (708)

cantejondo 'Deep song', the throaty, impassioned improvised flamenco song (731 , 851)

cantiga Monophonic song in the Luso-Galician troubadour tradition dating back to the thirteenth centuty (847)

cantor Singer of sacred music hired by a Jewish congregation to act as messenger of their prayers; more recently, a member of the staff clergy (12, 98,544,933,935,938,940,1175)

capoeira Brazilian tradition of dance of a martial arts character, with accompanying music played on the berimbao musical bow (210, 730-731)

Cha Cymbals used in Afro-Cuban music (717, 796, 961)

cha-cha-cha Cuban dance style originating in the 1950s

chamblai (raj nplaim) Hmong free-reed side-blown pipe with a high falling tone, short low tone, and glottalized ending pattern (1005)

chamrieng 'Vocals' , Cambodian singing featured in the pinnpeat ensemble (100 I)

Changmian Peking opera music ensemble (961) chanson a repondre (chanson doublet) 'Response

style', in which everyone participates by singing refrain lines and/or by repeating the vetse line

chapei dang veng lute Long-necked Cambodian lute used in the Khmer wedding and epic singing ensembles (999)

chapuli (raj pus lim) Hmong fipple flute with lowto mid-level tone, short low tone and glottalized ending pattern (1005)

charanga Afro-Cuban dance band style otiginating in the 1950s (788-79 I, 795-797, 800)

charango Small guitar of Andean origin, constructed from the shell of the quirquincho (a regional variety of armadillo), usually with five double coutses of nylon strings (730)

charcheta Three-valve tenot horn used to play offbeats in the Sinaloan banda ensemble (723)

cheganra (I) Brazilian dance drama and procession depicting the Chtistians batding the Moots; (2) a sensuous Afro-Brazilian dance (850)

chhing 'Small cymbals', Cambodian petcussion instrument played as part of the pinnpeat ensemble, serves as the time keeper in the ensemble (1001)

chica Neo-Aftican social dance ptacticed by AfroHaitians in nineteenth-century New Orleans (596,802)

Child ballads (I) Oldest substantial body of oral tradition sung English-language poetty, often

concerning love; (2) a repertoire fitst systematically collected by Sir Francis James Child (1825-1896) in Great Britain and North Ametica (29, 51 1,519-520,833-834, 1123-1124, 1188-1189)

Choctaw social dance songs Set of songs otiginally associated with the Ballgame cycle perfotmed among American Indians of the Eastern Woodlands and Gteat Lakes but now petfotmed in secular contexts such as festivals (468-469, 471)

chorale Hymn tune of the Getman Protestant Church (10, 138,768,867,887, I I 18, 1174, 1214,1237-1238)

chotis Waila dance form whose name is derived from the Getman schottisch, otiginally brought to Madrid from Scotland; later became popular in Latin America (490)

chowtaI In Indo-Caribbean culture, a vigorous, responsorial male song genre performed during the springtime phagwa festival (8 I 5)

chrieng chapei Cambodian epic singing in which a vocalist accompanies himself on a long-necked lute; has not survived within the U.S. Cambodian community (100 I)

chordophone musical instrument such as a violin or guitar, whose sound is produced by a vibrating string (see index)

chromatic In Western music, pertaining to a scale or passage that contains only half steps (126-127,165-166,652,654,658,661,666, 774,777,860,877)

ciaramella Italian oboe (860-861) cinquillo Five-beat "throb" cast in duple meter; also

a feature of Cuban contradanzas, most likely via the French contradanse (783,786,791)

circle of fifths Schematic representation depicting the majot keys most closely related to one another within the Western tonal system, located a fifth apart (783, 786, 791)

cittem Long-necked, multistringed instrument used to play Irish traditional music (842)

clave One of a pair of sticks used to playa rhythm that serves as the rhythmic base of Afro-Cuban music (280, 729, 783, 786, 788, 792-793)

comedia Full-length Spanish drama, lasting up to three hours, in several (usually three) acts and typically incorporating song, dance, and instrumental music (848)

comparsa (I) Form of percussive Afro-Cuban processional music used in carnaval and other festive settings; (2) ensemble of musicians playing comparsa music (729, 796)

compas direct (konpa) Modified merengue danced at a leisurely tempo, which became popular among Haitians and Haitian Americans in the 1950s and 1960s (803)

concertina Small reed instrument in the accordion family (23 I, 762, 842, 893-894, 898, I 189)

conga drum Narrow barrel-shaped Afro-Cuban drum (729, 785-786, 984)

conguero Player of the conga drum (732, 797,799) con junto 'combo', used to describe many regional

Latin musical ensembles; in Texas, synonymous with con junto tejano, the accordion-driven Texas-Mexican ensemble (see index)

con junto norteno Mexican label for conjunto (772) container rattle Rattle that contains seed or other

small objects that when shaken produce sound (429,463,474-475)

contradanza Iberian and Hispanic American dance derived from the English country dance; in Cuba, a variant of French Creole contradanse (790-791,795,802,848)

contredanse Type of French Creole figure dance practiced in Louisiana by French and Haitian immigrants (213, 802,1164)

coplas Spanish term for couplets typically performed in sets as four-line stanzas with lines two and four ending in rhyme and operating either as independent songs or as part oflonger forms such as the romance or villancico (757-759, 849,1173)

com songs Songs improvised at or associated with seasonal harvest celebrations called corn shuckings (601)

comet Soprano brass instrument similar to the trumpet, but with a conical rather than cylindrical bore ptoducing a more mellow timbre; popular in military bands in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries and in jazz (60, 232, 564-565, 568,795,874,895,897,1094,1107, 1190)

corrido Mexican folk ballad and strophic song stemming from the romance tradition, featuring sets of coplas with eight-syllable lines (see index)

cover record (1) Remake of an old recording; (2) imitative recordings of black music by white artists (671, 709)

cowboy genre Also known as COUntty and western, a later hybrid of hillbilly music developed in western North America in the 1930s and 1940s by film stars such as Gene Autry and Roy Rogers (1256)

coyok Belt rattle used among the O'odham Indians Creole musics Musics practiced by French and

Caribbean settlers in the u.S. gulf states, characterized by syncopated rhythms (803, 858-859)

crooning songs (I) Songs or intoned formulas that include loving crooning sounds of a morher for her child; (2) popular singing style of the 1930s (386)

crossover Originally the process by which a recording released in a secondary market achieves hit status in the mainstream or pop market (see index)

cuadrillll 'Quadrille'; New Mexican cuadrilla is similar to the American square dance in that it is danced in groups of twO or more couples, but cuadrilla does not employ a caller (755, 760)

cuando Hispanic narrative song, marked by the inclusion of the term cuando 'when' in the text, usually at the beginning (757)

cuatro In Puerto Rico, a guitar with five double courses of steel strings, central to musica jfbara (726-727,776,780,799-800)

cumbia Popular lively dance music in duple meter, with origins in Panama and Colombia, now popular in many communities of Latin America and the United States (728, 800, 1085,1204)

cuna 'Cradle,' referring to a figure in the form of a baby's cradle that Hispano dancers create by interweaving their arms during the course of a dance (755, 760,800)

cymbd/y Czech hammered dulcimer (826, 897, 1197, 1200)

dAbkah In Arabic music, a folk line dance and accompanying song or music (1035, 1037)

dAiko Japanese drum; same word as taiko, but t changes to d when it used in a compound word (970,973)

dAluo Large Chinese gong (961) dance hall (I) Style of music from Jamaica, West

Indies, and New York City; (2) hip-hop and reggae-influenced genre, delivered in Jamaican patois, directly linked to earlier "toasting" Jamaican DJs who rhymed over prerecorded music at public dances (dance halls) in the 1950s and 1960s (702, 811, 1203)

Dances ofVniversal Peace Body of spiritual practices that integrate breath, movement, and music, originating in California in the mid1960s and now found worldwide (1042-1043, 1045)

dAntalin Indo-Caribbean culture and Bhojputiregion North India, a metal rod struck rhythmically with a V-shaped clapper (814-815)

dAnza (danzon) Cuban variant of French Creole contradanse (797,799,802)

dArabukka Arabic single-headed ceramic cylindrical drum (953, 1218-1220)

decima Most learned poetic form of New Mexican Hispano music that floutished in fifteenthcentury Spain and was subsequently spread throughout the New World; decima texts feature a rather intricate formal scheme: four ten-line stanzas, introduced by a four-line quatrain (757, 848-849,852)

deep house Subcategory of house music, known as soulful house in the U.K., and characterized by either a gospel-influenced vocal track, a minimalist instrumental arrangement, or both (691)

Delaware Big House song Song performed as part of the annual harvest rituals of the Delaware Indians (463-464)

dhikr [Arabic] recollection, remembrance, reiteration, or mentioning, from the verb dhakara 'to remember'; often spelled zikr or zekar (1040, 1043-1046)

dholak Double-headed barrel dtum common in Indian and Indo-Caribbean music (814-816, 984,1246)

didgeridu Australian Aborigine drone instrument whose distinctive sound has become a staple of world beat recordings (337, 340)

digital sampler Computer program that allows any recorded sound to be translated into digital code and thereby combined with other sounds in order to create novel compositions (265)

disco Category of 1970s dance music, derived from the abbreviation of discotheque, the main venue of consumption (see index)

disco blending Construction of an uninterrupted flow of music inside a discotheque, by a disc jockey using two or more turntables and an audio mixer; also referred to as mixing (687)

diziChinese bamboo flute (961-962,1260) dobro Six-stringed guitar with a metal resonator

beneath the bridge and a raised nut, noted (or fretted) with a steel bar and plucked with finger picks (79, 160,164,166,240)

domra Russian/Balkan plucked fretted lute with a bowl-shaped resonator (57-59, 61,920)

doo-wop groups Vocal harmony groups that emphasize the rhythmic delivery of a phrase consisting of vocables such as "doo-wop-doowop" or "doo-doo-doo" in the song arrangement (672, 1081)

DOR Abbreviation for dance-oriented rock (689) doumbekki Greek hourglass-shaped hand drum

(930-931) dream songs In Subarctic regions, songs that

emanate from a person's dreams or visions and that signal the confirmation of a relationship with one's spirit helpers (457)

drone Tone or interval that continues throughout a piece to help sustain a melodic line, especially in Indian music (837)

Appalachian lap dulcimer, a slender strummed instrument with three or four strings, and the much rarer hammered dulcimer, a trapezoidal

instrument with several dozen pairs of strings, descended from the Persian/Indian santour or Hungarian cimbalom (see index)

el grupo Tejano ensemble consisting of keyboards, guitar, bass, and dtums (770, 780)

entriega (from the Spanish entre gar, 'to send forth') Consists of a musical sending forth of a group or social entity into the community or into a ritual function, used primarily in Hispanic wedding contexts (758-759, 768)

entriega de novios In times when Roman Catholic priests were very rare in New Mexican society, the entriega de novios actually substituted for the church wedding ceremony (758)

er xian Two-stringed fiddle of southeastern China (961)

erhu Low-pitched two-stringed fiddle from China (960-962, 1248)

ezpata dantza Basque sword dance (849) fado Melancholy Portuguese solo song type gener-

ally accompanied by theguitarra (ten-or twelvestringed Portuguese guitar) or the violao (Spanish guitar); features aspects of the Portuguese ballad tradition (modhinha) , including rhyming quatrains (coplas) and dance rhythms; popular in grassroots Portuguese communities (731,847,851,853,1197)

Farfisa Single-manual electtonic organ produced by the Italian Farfisa company, with electronic oscillators instead of reeds; the portability and distinctive timbre of the Farfisa organ made it a natural choice for popular musicians of the 1960s as well as such conservatory-trained composer-performers as David Borden, Philip Glass, and Steve Reich (254)

festa Italian feast day, typically including a procession with music (850, 852, 862)

fiddle Alternate name for violin; typically describes a violin used to perform vernacular (as opposed to concert) music (see index)

field music Military musicians performing on drums, fifes, bagpipes, trumpets, or bugles, who beat or sound the camp duty calls that regulate military life, (298, 564)

fife Traditionally, a one-piece cylindrical transverse wooden flute with mouth and six finger holes, commonly pitched in m but transposing to D, primarily used with drum accompaniment in military and military-styled civilian marching bands(7,240, 563,835-836, 840, 1190)

fisarmonica Italian chromatic piano accordion (860)

flamenco (1) Song, dance, and guitar style developed in Andalucia in the south of Spain blending elements oflocal practice with that from Morocco, Egypt, India, Pakistan, Greece, and other parts of the Near and Far East; (2) a style of Gypsy music with guitar, song, and hand clapping, of southern Spanish origin but diffused throughout the Americas and beyond (see index)

Forty-niners (4gers) Social song genre that incorporates English lyrics with American Indian vocables found in Puerto Rico and elsewhere (213,425)

frame drum Most typical in Arctic and Subarctic regions, a drum consisting of a single (rarely double) membrane stretched over a variably sized bent wood or bone round frame and tied with lacing around the frame or in the back; in the Arctic, the handheld frame drum features a handle (see index)

fret (I) a thin metal bar inlaid across the fingerboard on the neck of a chordophone, beneath the strings, which protrudes above the surface, enabling the player to press a string or strings

behind it and thus shorten the vibrating portion of the string to change the pitch; (2) to change the pitch of a string or sttings on a chordophone (165-166,930,994, 1198)

fukuinkai Japanese-American Christian gospel society (969)

funk Syncopated, eclectic form of R&B, beginning in the late 1960s (see index)

funk groove Polyrhythmic foundation built on a syncopated bass line that locks with the bass drum pattern and is accentuated by a heavy backbeat (684)

Gaelic song Vocal music in the Scottish Gaelic or Irish Gaelic language (292, 303,1128-1130)

gamelan Multi-timbred melodic percussion ensemble from Indonesia similar to other "gongchime" ensembles of Southeast Asia; most gamelan have a low gongs to punctuate melodic phrases, metallophones or other keyed instruments to playa trunk melody, a variety of instruments that elaborate on the melodic structute, and drums that lead changes in tempo (see index)

gangsa Generic term in the Cordillera (upland Luzon, Philippines) for flat gongs played in ensembles and struck either with mallets or with the hands using hocket techniques (1026)

gaohu High-pitched fWo-stringed fiddle used in Cantonese opera or music (960, 1260)

garage British term for American club music of the late 1980s and early 1990s, referring to the most influential underground dance venue of the time, New York City's Paradise Garage (49, 172, 283-284,355,675,689-691,901)

ge'e tambio O'odham Indian term for big drum (473)

geng (qee;) Hmong (Vietnamese) six-tubed free-reed mouth organ (1004)

Gesangbuch Mennonite song book (886) Ghost Dance Native revivalist movement of the late

nineteenth centuty that sprang up among the Paiute people in the 1880s, spreading rapidly, particularly across the Great Plains, in which believers received songs while in trancelike states induced by a rapidly accelerating dance; it was believed that participation in Ghost Dance activities would bring back the world as it had been prior to the white invasion, and that whites would disappear (see index)

gigue Lively dance in triple time, popular in France in the early eighteenth century, featuring complex, rhythmical foofWork; still danced in Quebec (223, 344, 360, 408, 41 1)

glee Unaccompanied choral work in three or more parts for male voices, (66, 183,304,310,604, 969, 108~ 1182, 1211-1212, 1225)

glendi Greek social gathering or party featuring the singing and playing of mandinades (931-932)

go-go Style of music popular in Washington, D.C., and parts of the South that prominently features live percussion (congas, timbales, cowbells) (702,973)

gospel Style of vernacular religious music originally associated with evangelistic revival meetings (see index)

music that also has been incorporated into popular salsa music (729, 789, 800)

guajira (Spanish, 'country girl'); refers to the music of the Cuban countryside (792, 800)

Guangdongyinyue 'Cantonese music', instrumental ensemble music popular in the Pearl River Delta in the southern part of Guangdong province of China (958)

guaracha Cuban mimetic dance form that incorporates the Spanish and African vocal practice of solo verses and regular chotus refrains (793, 795,798)

Guataca Hoe blade that is used to keep the rhythmic timeline in Afro-Cuban music (785)

guimbardJew's harp (1005) guitarra 'Guitar', often used ro refer to the electric

guitar (850, 1197) guitarron Mexican six-sttinged bass (722, 737, 761,

765) habanera Nineteenth-century Cuban song and

dance form featuring a slow to moderate duple meter and a characteristic dotted eighth sixteenth rhythm followed by fWO even eighth notes; its name reflects its origins in Havana, from where it spread to Spain, Europe, and throughout Latin America (13, 732, 783, 786, 790-791,795,797,851)

hackbrett Hammered dulcimer often used in Russian (Volga) German wedding bands (890-891)

hajlllh Arab American party with music, food, drink, and dance (1031, 1033)

hailing Rural Norwegian folk dance performed for an audience (866, 868-869)

hambo Modernized nonimprovised version of the Swedish poMa (233, 871, 1196)

hantes All-day church picnic with music; sometimes held indoors within the Armenian American community (1032-1033)

Hardingfele Type of violin originating in western Norway, with a flatter fingerboard and bridge and a shorter neck than the European concert violin; played by Norwegian immigrants at both weddings and informal gatherings (826, 868-870)

harmoniemusik Musical wind ensemble, usually five to eight instruments, consisting of pairs of oboes and/or clarinets, horns, and one or fWO bassoons, without drums; popular during the eighteenth century (563)

harmonium Hand-pumped keyboard instrument commonly used to accompany Indian and IndoCaribbean music has recently become popular in the United States and Canada, due in part to its popularization by the late Nusrat Fatah Ali Khan, one of the greatest stars of world music/world beat (815, 981, 983-984,1246)

hautboys (hautbois) (I) Literally, the oboe, a double-reed musical instrument; (2) musical wind ensemble usually consisting of three oboes and a bass oboe or bassoon, with snare drums, popular in military units from the end of the seventeenth to the middle of the eighteenth century (563)

hazzan Hebrew for cantor (933-934) Heimatlieder For German Americans, songs about

the European homeland (889) heterophony Musical texture deriving from the

simultaneous performance of many variations of a musical line

highland dancing Formal, balletlike, athletic, and frequently competitive type of dancing that developed in Scotland and is usually performed to bagpipe music (1071, 1130)

highlife West African popular music style that combines international pop with traditional rhythms and textures, well known to fans of world music/world beat (338,1213-1214)

hi-NRG Also high energy, a category of 1980s dance music geared toward a mainly white, gay audience; used to describe non-R&B derived dance music, often by European, especially British, artists and producers; see also disco (689)

hip house House music featuring rap rhymes (691) hip-hop Beginning in the early 1970s, a primarily

black and Latino street culture that comprised rap music, break dancing, and graffiti art (see index)

hocket Ensemble performance technique that produces a single composite melody from a number of interlocking rhythmic ostinaros; akin to Euro-American bell ringing (1026)

hook lines Short repetitive phrases of text, set to sing-along-type melodies (673-674)

hornpipe (I) Wooden or bone pipe having a single reed and holes for fingering; (2) lively English and Irish dance in 4/4 time, originally accompanied by a hornpipe (231,596,825,836,839, 855)

clubs in Chicago in the early 1980s, whose musical elements reflect the heritage of disco while incorporating production techniques characteristic of the emerging home studio industry that helped DJs ro become producers and artists (see index)

huapango (I) Gente offolk music and dance rooted in the rural mestizo cultures of several east Mexican states; (2) a popular Mexican musical form with a distinctive rhythm and the frequent use of falsetto vocal embellishments (732, 737, 746)

Hutterites Group in the Anabaptist tradition that practices communal living (1237-1238,1240, 1249)

hymnody (I) Hymn singing; (2) hymn writing; (3) the hymns of a time, place, or church; (4) the study of hymn singing practices (121 , 123,128, 480,484,531-534,576,630,824,885-886, 1237, 1240, 1271)

hyperinstrument Specially modified acoustic instrument whose performance involves the use of computer technology; the additional computer hardware and software allows the performer to play music that exceeds the normal limitations of the instrument or to send triggers ro other digital music instruments; hyperinstruments were pioneered by the American composer Tod Machover (b. 1953) (254)

idiophone Musical instrument whose whole body vibrates ro produce the sound, such as a rattle or chime (445,463-464,473-475, 477)

iltama Finnish American community festival featuring musical performance, poetry, plays, and social dancing (873)

indita Narrative song form very similar to the corrida, but found in a particular locality within New Mexico; further distinguished by influences from Southwestern Native American music, especially in its rhythms (755, 757, 760, 762)

Iroquois Social Dance song Music performed in association with the longhouse tradition (371 , 463-465)

iscathamiya Secular male a cappella performance tradition from South Africa that became popular worldwide through rock star Paul Simon's famous collaboration with Ladysmith Black Mambazo (338)

jarana (I) Mexican folk guitar with several regional types, played primarily as a harmonic or metri-

cal accompaniment to singing or melody instruments; (2) dance similar to the Spanish jota found in the Mexican state of Yucatan (723-724)

jarocho Dance style originally from the Mexican state of Veracruz and especially popular among Mexican folklorieo dance groups in Los Angeles (723-724.746)

Jiang nan si zhu Literally. silk; music performed on string and bamboo instruments from south of the Yangtse River (962)

jinghu Leading high-pirched rwo-srringed fiddle used in Peking opera (961)

joruci Traditional Japanese narrative ballad originally accompanied by the biwa and later by the shamisen; combined with pupper rheater ro develop a musical drama of high artistic quality called bunraku

jota Spanish folk dance and song in triple meter. developed from ancient poetic forms (851)

juba Neo-African social dance featuring a rwoplayer drum. practiced by Afro-Haitians in nineteenth-century New Orleans (595. 802)

jungle music Also. "drum'n bass." mostly instrumental dance style of music emanating from black communities in Britain (354.672)

kabuki Highly stylized traditional Japanese play with singing. instrumental music. and dancing (218.612.969)

kalenda Neo-African social dance practiced by Afro-Haitians in nineteenth-century New Orleans (802)

kamanja Adapted Arabic violin (1218) kankles Lithuanian plucked zither often used ro

accompany singing. played by ensembles composed mainly of young people (876. 881)

kantele Finnish plucked zither (826-827.829. 873-874. 1196)

kanun Greek plucked zither (930) kappleikar Finnish American fiddle competition

held until the outbreak of World War II (869) kase Rhythmic change believed to bri ng on posses-

sion in Haitian Vodou ceremonies (805) kata Time pattern bear on the wooden part of the

drum thar is played during Afro-Haitian juba dancing (802)

katajjaq Women's game played in the Easrern Arctic. using extremely varied vocal sound patterns (376-378.381)

keen To wail. lament (154.279.284.705.907. 1004.1076)

kef-time Weekend-long music retreat featuring multiple bands within the Armenian American community (1032-1033. 1036. 1040)

keyed-bugle (Royal Kent Bugle) Soprano brass instrument similar ro the trumpet. but with a conical rather than cylindrical bore. ro which five ro seven woodwind-like keys have been attached to make the instrument chromatic (564)

khimm 'Hammered dulcimer'. Cambodian srring instrument played in contemporary versions of the pinnpeat ensemble (1001)

khloy 'Duct flute'. Cambodian wind instrument played in contemporary versions of the pinnpeat ensemble. sometimes replaced by the Western flute or recorder{999. 1001)

khyalImporrant Hindustani vocal genre (983) k1ezmer music (I) Ensemble music of Eastern

European Jewish origin; (2) important revival

music in the United States; (3) professional instrumental musician who appeared most commonly at celebrations. particularly weddings (325.330.939.942.944)

kolo Serbo-Croatian line or circle dance music (920-923.926.1198.1235)

kora Traditional West African harp. one of many non-Western instruments used frequently in world beat recording projects (339. 1063. 1170)

korng vung 'Circular frame of gongs'. Cambodian percussion instrument played as part of the pinnpeat ensemble (100 I)

koto Japanese thirteen-stringed board zither (336. 346.527.947. 953.968-970.972-973.1084)

krakowiak Polish regional dance (893-895.1197. 1250)

krapeu 'three-stringed zither' . Cambodian srring instrument played in contemporary versions of the pinnpeat ensemble (999. 1001)

kulintang (I) Gong chime melodic instrumenr; (2) gong ensemble that features this melodic instrument from the southern Philippines (1025-1026)

kundiman Filipino genre of composed and published love songs; stylistically related to romantic European light classical forms (1025-1026)

laendler Austrian/Swiss dance in triple meter (897-898)

Mouto Greek fretted lute (930. 1199) Mud Spanish fretted. flat-backed plucked lure with

fourteen strings in six courses. used for tenor and barirone voices in the randalia and sounding an octave lower than the bandurria (792. 1025)

Leikarring movement Revival of "song dancing"- dancers singing withour accompaniment-in the Norwegian American community in the 1920s and 1930s (867)

lemo oro Macedonian line dance in a metric pattern of 3 + 2 + 2 (923)

letter notation Musical notation that uses the letters of the alphabet ro designate pitches. (135)

libretto 'little book'. the text of a work. particularly an opera. for the musical theater (196. 608. 1135.1182)

lieder (German. 'song') (940. 1025) line dance Popular social dance form in which

dancers in long lines execute identical steps (229.430.434.438. 469. 529.920.923.930. 952.1009.1035)

lining out Sryle of singing religious songs in which a leader sings a phrase ro remind the congregation of its contour; the congregation then repeats the phrase much more slowly (I 19. 125. 832-833)

lkhaon basakk Cambodian theater of Chinese origin sometimes performed in the United States (1001)

lkhaon khaol Elaborate masked play practiced in Cambodia by men only; rarely staged by Cambodian immigrants in the United Srates. (1000)

lkhaon sbek Rarely performed Cambodian shadow play featuring a set oflarge leather puppets (1000)

lkhaon yike Cambodian folk theater of Muslim origin. sometimes performed in the United States (1001)

log drum Musical instrument constructed from a wooden log that is beaten with a stick; although called a drum. it is really an idiophone (429. 476.1093.1199.1253)

lundu (lundum) Afro-Brazilian song and dance of Angolan origin brought ro Brazil by Bantu slaves; the song and couple dance featured sensuous exchange partners that later gave rise ro many contemporary song forms including the Portuguese fodo (851)

lute/stick zither Chordophone whose strings are stretched over a broad neck that extends from a resonant body (1044)

mahrajan Outdoor weekend-long festival or picnic with music within the Arab American community (1031. 1033. 1037)

mambo Cuban ballroom dance popular in the 1940s (see index)

mandinade Greek song composed of improvised couplets with texts about recent events or issues (931)

mandolin Lute-shaped fretted chordophone of italian origin with eight strings in double courses. tuned like a violin and played with a plectrum (see index)

mariachi (I) Mexican-style musical ensemble typically consisting of guitarron (bass guitar). vihuela (five-stringed guitarlike instrumenr). violins. and trumpets; (2) individual mariachi musician (see index)

marimba In Mexican and Cenrral American traditions. a xylophone played by several musicians (723.727-28.731.746)

Matachines Ceremonial dance drama featuring Native American and Ibero-European elements (614.757.759.761.848.850-853)

mazhar Arabic tambourine (1218) mazurka Polish-origin dance or tune in 2/4 time

resembling the polka (see index) mbaqanga South African popular music that has

found much success in the international world music/world beat market (338-339)

Meistersinger songs Songs written by a guild of fifteenth-and sixteenth-century German musicians (1240)

melismatic Pertaining to a way of vocalizing the text of a song in which one syllable of text is sung ro many notes of music (164. 414. 638. 647. 887. 923.940.1238.1267)

membranophone Musical instrument such as a drum. whose sound is produced by a vibrating membrane or skin (445. 473. 475. 477)

merengue Fast-paced. duple-meter form of Dominican music and dance. played by small. regional. accordion-driven ensembles as well as by contemporary salsa dance orchestras (337. 728. 731.790-791.800.1204)

merengue cibaeno Regional form of merengue from the Dominican region ofCibao. though popular far beyond that region

mexicanos de este !Ado Mexican Americans (771) mexicanos delofro !Ado Mexican nationals (771 ) MIDI Abbreviation for Musical Instrument Digital

Interface. a system developed in the early 1980s by several electronic instrument manufacturers to allow their products ro communicate with each other; allows for compatibility of analog and digital instruments. such as sequencers. computers. synthesizers. and drum machines; became a recording studio standard by the mid1980s (95.240. 245.691.845)

minidjaz Small rock band-like ensembles that originated in Haiti in the 1960s and later formed in North American cities with Haitian communities (803-804)

minimalism Musical style that emerged in America in the mid-I960s. in which repeating patterns of diatonic or modal music in a regular (usually fast) pulse are developed over time (175-176. 254.541.1016.1097)

MiniMoog Compact and portable version of the ptofessional studio electronic music synthesizer developed by Robert Moog in the late 1960s; oscillators generate audio signals that are modified by means of voltage-controlled devices that allow the user to shape attacks. decays. sculpt timbre. and so on (254)

minstrel show Full-length theatrical entertainment featuring performers in blackface who perform songs. dances. and comic skits based on parodies and stereotypes of African American life and manners (184-187. 544.615-617.837-838)

Minyue Music for Chinese instruments (959-960. 962)

mizik angaje 'Engaged music'. Haitian protest music developed within the kilti libete movement (805)

mizik rasin 'Roots music,' a Haitian musical move~ ment that arose in the 1980s devoted to fusing popular commercial dance music with traditional music ofVodou and rara and gained prominence in the United States in the early 1990s (806)

mode (I) Set of pitches that are used hierarchically in a musical structure; (2) set of pitches and a grammar for their use. often written graphically as a scale; (3) way of generating a piece of music. given a set of pitches; (4) in Western music. scales codified by the early Roman Catholic church (see index)

mojos Magical spells or charms of African origin. later associated with the practice of African American Vodou (802)

morache Rasp instrument used by the Utes in the Bear Dance ceremony (423. 425-426)

morris dance Folk dance once common throughout England. featuring men (very rarely. women) who perform vigorous. intricate choreographies in three or four couples. accompanied by folk instruments such as the pipe and tabor. melodeon. or fiddle, in streets or garden spaces in the manner of street theater (322, 323-324)

Motown Slang for Motor Town (Detroit). where Motown Records. the most successful blackowned record company ever. was founded (673-679.709-710)

mtisica jlbara Multifaceted tradition of music associated with rural communities of Puerto Rico. in which stringed instruments dominate and improvised texts are common (726-727)

mtisica ranchera Mexican country music associated particularly with the mariachi ensemble (722)

mtisica vallenata Accordion-driven dance music of coastal Colombia (730)

musical area concept Term borrowed from anthropology's culture area concept; posits that societies sharing common musical traits can be said to constirute a single musical area (512)

musical theater Popular form of theatrical entertainment incorporating drama. music. and dance in various combinations and proportions (see index)

musique concrete Form of electronic music that first appeared in 1948 in Paris; involves recording naturally occurring sounds (such as the human voice or breaking glass) and then using electronic devices (such as a tape recorder or filters that attenuate certain frequencies) to modifY the sounds. sometimes beyond recognition (252-253. 540)

muwashshah Form of Arabic (or Andalucian) strophic poetry set to song. especially cultivated in southern Spain and Morocco (847)

muyulmukiyu 'Wooden fish song' an important narrative song tradition in South China (958. 960. 963)

nagauta Japanese long epic song or ballad chanted to the accompaniment of shamisen. often with drums and flutes added. for dances performed in the kabuki theater (969)

naniwa-bushi Popular narrative style of Japanese singing that combines storytelling with shamisen-accompanied singing (969-970)

nay Also ney or nai. a reed flute. rarely heard at first in the United States. but heard more and more as professional immigrants from the Arab world came to this countty to perform (1040)

Negro jig African dance adapted by Europeans in eighteenth-century Virginia and Carolina

Negro spiritual a nineteenth-century sacred folk song of African-American origin (75. 575-578. 585,589.607.624.628-630.632)

fie'icuda Term used for song makers among the O'odham Indians (472)

neo-k1ezmer music Music of North American bands that reinterprets and revitalizes the klezmer tradition beginning in the mid-1970s (941)

Ng Sheung Chi Muyu 'fish song' singer from South China (963, 994. 1025)

Nign From Hebrew nigun, 'melody'. used among Hasidic Jews to refer to spiritually powerful tunes (942)

nja (ncas) Hmong guimbard or Jew's harp. made of a flat piece of metal into which the vibrating tongue is excised (1005)

no Traditional Japanese drama. developed in the fourteenth century from religious sources and folk myths. characterized by highly stylized acting. unique vocalizations, wooden masks, elaborate costumes, and symbolism presented in a minimalist setting and performance style (1084)

noraebang Commercial place where customers can sing songs in a small room equipped with a video monitor, speakers, and microphones, popular in Korea (978-979)

norteno Northern Mexican style distinguished by the use of accordion (355)

Nouveljenerasyon 'New generation', a Haitian cosmopolitan pop music of the late 1980s and 1990s that aimed for international markets (806)

nueva cancion Stream of urban song and its accompanying music, often drawing from South American folk elements and representing some form of social protest (730, 733. 801. 852. 1175.1204)

oberek Polish dance in fast triple meter, with rwo against three cross-rhythms and energetic leaping and stomping (892-894. 1197. 1250)

oktavina Fretted flat-backed plucked waisted lute with fourteen strings in six courses in the tenor range typically used for countermelodies (1025)

old-time genre Folk music originating in the Appalachian Mountains of the United States over a hundred years ago. also known as hillbilly music. mainly involving fiddle, guitar, and banjo (1256)

organetto Italian diatonic button accordion (860) oru Afro-Cuban song in praise of one of more

deities of the Yoruba-derived lucumf religious tradition (729)

outi Greek short-necked flute without frets (930) Pai he Cantonese opera music ensemble (960) paired phrasing Simple repetition of a musical

phrase. including words and melody. as a stylistic identifier (421, 423)

pandereta In Puerto Rico, a round frame drum grouped in several sizes. playing in multilayered, interlocking rhythms and used to accompany the plena (717, 726-727)

pascolas Sacred dance of the Yaqui Indians fearuring dancers wearing masks and ankle rattles, accompanied by a fiddle and harp (218. 437-438. 851)

pastorelas (pastores) based on the birth of Christ, these musical dramas performed in Hispanic communities depict the journey of the shepherds to the nativity manger (735-736. 759, 848,850)

pattin' juba (pattingjuba) African American style of drumming in which drumbeats are played on parts of the body; derived from drumming accompanying the Afro-Haitian juba dance (802)

payola (pay for play) Industry term given for money, or other forms of compensation, given in order to have a composition played in public (260,355,709)

pegbox Part of a stringed instrument that holds the tuning keys or pegs (869)

pena Folk music nightclub of South American origin (62,517-518, 553, 730, 736-738, 752. 782)

perico ripiao Regional folk merengue music and couples dance form, promoted by former dictator Rafael Trujillo as a symbol of Dominican national identity (731)

peyote song Song associated with the Native American Church (426,445,458,486-488)

Piaofang Peking opera club of amateur performers (961)

Pilates System of physical rehabilitation developed by Joseph Pilates; studied by many dancers to help develop strength and flexibility (225)

pinkster Midyear celebration, originated by the Dutch, later associated with African Americans (595.614)

pipa Four-stringed plucked lute (959, 962) piping Playing the bagpipes (594,1071,1120,

1128-1130) pisirk In the Eastern Arctic, song that expresses per-

sonal emotions and feelings or specific anecdotes (376, 378)

pito Small vertical Mexican flute (759, 761) pizmon Hymn sung by Sephardic Jews (513,

paniment rooted in African-derived communities of coastal Puerto Rico (337, 516, 726-727, 799-800)

polea Spanish for polka, similar to the Europeanderived dance form except in the Paraguayan tradition, in which it is a triple-metered genre particularly favored by harpists (522, 730, 760)

polka Lively dance or tune of Bohemian or Polish origin in 2/41 meter (see index)

Posadas Plays about Mary and Joseph seeking lodging on the night of Christ's birth (724, 848. 850,853)

powwow American Indian intertribal context for music and dance performance (see index)

praznyk Annual celebration held on the feast day of the saint to which a Church is dedicated (1243)

psalmody The singing of Psalms; became the basis in the early eighteenth century for learning to read music (see index)

punto guAjiro Spanish-derived musical form associated with rural Cuban popularions, marked by improvised song rexrs and accompanied by an ensemble consisring mainly of stringed instruments (728)

PurimshpilTradirional folk drama staged among European Jews for the springtime holiday of Purim (944)

puukko Knife with a birch handle and curved sheath used by Finnish woodsman as a tool and weapon; Finnish "knifemen" figured prominendy in Finnish American ballads of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries (873)

qanun Also kanun, kanoon, plucked zither wirh approximarely seventy-two strings in triple courses rhat are fine tuned during performance wirh a series of small levers that are moved up and down (1032, 1034, 1216)

qawwali Plural of qawwal, a body of Pakistani ecstatic devorional song and the heredirary group of singers and instrumentalists who perform them; originated in thirteenth-century India (338, 340, 981-983,1040,1044,1046, 1215)

qinqin Chinese two-stringed plucked lure with frers (1260)

quadrille (I) Square dance for four couples in a set of five or six figures mainly in 2/4 and 6/8 rime; (2) type of French Creole figure dance practiced in Louisiana by French and Haitian immigrants (see index)

quenacane Open-ended notch-flure associated wirh the music of the Sourh American Andean region (730)

quinto Small dtum of the tumbadora type that often plays a lead role in rumba music (729, 775)

R&B Short for rhythm and blues, a form of black popular music that combined elements of jazz and rhe blues beginning in the lare 1940s (see index)

rabbit dance Male-female parmer dances performed in the context of a Native American powwow(368,408,447,483,489,1276)

ragga Jamaican music similar to reggae bur played entirely (or mosdy) with digital instrumentation (806)

ragtime Style of music popular at rhe turn of rhe twentieth century characterized by a syncopated melody placed againsr a sready bass line (see index)

rai Energeric Algerian popular music that has found a limired audience among Canadian and American world beat enthusiasts (338, 1019)

ranchera Popular Mexican song resembling American country and western (722, 744, 763, 765, 766,775,778,781)

rap Form of primarily African American spokenword music, originally one element of hip-hop culture (see index)

Rara Widespread and popular processional ritual in Haiti rhat takes place over the Lenten season and culminates on Easter weekend; Rara ensembles have been organized in recent years in Haitian communiries of North America, and rara music was a major influence in rhe mizik rasin movement (805-807)

rasp Percussive instrument consisting of a notched stick or gourd scraped wirh another objecr (see index)

rattle drum Drum made from rhe sapling of a tree wirh metal objects inserted (476)

rave Legal or illegal dance party, originally held ourdoors to accommodate thousands of dancers; features European and especially British forms of house and rechno music, supplied by several DJs playing on separate stages or raking turns on one set (691)

rebetika (rembetika) Asia Minor-derived urban music genre that developed in rhe 1920s in Greek port cities (930, 932)

redondo Fasr MexicanlSpanish waltz (760, 765, 768,1039,1041)

retWwa Dance or tune in 3/4 or 2/4 meter of Bohemian origin resembling the mazurka (522, 773,775)

reel Couples dance from Scodand, accompanied by brisk duple-time binary melodies, disseminated in North America and now flourishing in folk fiddling as rhe breakdown (see index)

reggae Popular Jamaican style of music rhat combines native styles with elements of rock and soul music; characrerized by an accent on the offbeat (see index)

requinto jarocho Thin-bodied four-stringed guirar used to play melody in the son jarocho, folk music of southern coastal Veracruz in Mexico (723,761)

rumba (rhumba) (I) Short repetirive and syncopated rhythmic pattern of Afro-Cuban origin defined by a quarter nore followed by an eighth rest, an eighth note tied to a quarter note, and a quarter nore; (2) dance featuring rhis rhythmic pattern (717)

riff In blues and related African American musics, a repeated short melodic rhythmic phrase

riqq Also daff, Arabic tambourine with heavy brass jingles (1032, 1218)

robaim kbach buran Tradirional Cambodian court dance performed by females only (1000)

robaim prapeyney Cambodian folk dance somerimes performed by Cambodian Americans (1001)

romance (I) narrative song in the ballad tradition with a poetic text typically ser as a series of sixteen-syllable srrophes and concerning topics associated wirh historic or legendary persons; (2) Sephardic songs based on medieval Spanish balladry (84, 757, 848, 849, 942, 1171 , 1172, 1173)

romantica 'Romantic', a popular style of 1980s salsa (789)

rondalia Plucked string band ubiquitous rhroughour rhe Lowland Philippines appropriated from Iberian cumparsa and estudiantina ensembles (1025-1026)

roneat 'Xylophonel metallophone', Cambodian percussion insrrument played as part of rhe pinnpeat ensemble (999,1001)

roneat ek ' High-pitched xylophone', Cambodian percussion instrument played as part of rhe pinnpeat ensemble (999, 100 I)

salsa 'Sauce', popular Latin dance style (see index) samba Form of popular Brazilian music and dance

with prominent percussion accompaniment and group song, especially important during Carnival (522, 731, 740,1203, 1208)

sampho 'small double-headed barreled drum' , Cambodian percussion instrument played as part of rhe pinnpeat ensemble (1001)

Siingerbunde German singing league (885) Siingerfeste German singing fesrival (885) sankyoku Tradirional Japanese chamber music,

featuring koto, shamisen, and shakuhachi or kokyii, a bowed lure (968)

sansei Third-generation Japanese American, the second generarion to be born on American soil (967,970-973,1084)

santouri Greek struck zirher (930-931) santur Iranian trapezoidal zither struck with ham-

mers (1034) sanxian Chinese rhree-srringed plucked lure (961) saravane Type of Cambodian rhythm, often used

by Cambodian rock bands playing popular songs wirh Western instruments (1002)

Schnadahupfl (SchnaderhupfiJ Song gente associared with Bavaria and Austria; consists ofimprovised resrs alrernaring with a refrain (889)

schottische Dance or tune in 2/4 time similar ro rhe polka, bur somewhar slower (see index)

scratch To produce percussive sounds from a vinyl recording by manually moving a selected part of a song rhythmically back and forth under a phonograph needle; common technique of hiphop DJs (turntablisrs) (436, 439, 473, 488-489,852)

sean-nos song 'old style' song; unaccompanied solo song performed in Irish or English (843)

seguidillas (I) Song form with srrophes offour or seven lines, each between five and seven syllables, frequendy set to music in 6/8 meter; (2) one of rhe most popular Spanish dance types (851)

seisUns Irish traditional instrumental music sessions (842,846)

semma (Arabic sama) Audirion, listening, or concert among the Sufis (1043-1044)

serenata 'Serenade', among professional mariachi musicians, a short performance of several songs (721,740)

serpent Lip-vibrated wind insrrument in serpentine form wirh six finger holes used as a bass insrrument in military and church bands in the seventeenth and eighreenth centuries (563, 589, 704)

setar Iranian plucked lure (1034) shakuhachiTraditional Japanese bamboo flute

whose sound has become familiar to Western audiences via New Age, world beat, and other popular gentes (340, 346, 527, 968, 970, 972-973,1084, 1217)

shamisen Japanese 3-srringed plucked lure with a square-shaped body, played with a large plectrum (527, 947, 968-970, 972,1084)

shape-note notation Type of notarion in which rhe shape of the note head indicates the solmization syllable of the note (119,135)

shekeres Beaded gourd ratde used in Afro-Cuban music (785)

sheng Chinese mouth organ (962,964) shifu Teacher, wirhin rhe context of Cantonese

music societies (1262-1263,1265) shigin Melodies set to Chinese poems (969) shufl\e In country and bluegrass fiddle music, a

term used to describe bowing techniques that produce rhythmic two-nore chord patterns (6, 166,194,619-620,668,671,1062,1078)

shuffle rhythm Triplet pattern characterized by a quarter-nore triplet followed by an eighrh note tripler (166, 668)

sitar Long-necked lure from North India (340, 504, 951-953,984-985,1215-1216,1246)

skiffle Music played on folk insrruments and on "found" instrumentation such as jugs, washboards, and so on; popular among AfricanAmericans in the 1920s and experienced a revival ofinteresr in England and Ireland in rhe 1950s and 1960s (645, 845)

skor thomm 'Large double-headed barreled drum', Cambodian percussion instrument played as part of the pinnpeat ensemble (1001)

slava Serbo-Croatian celebration in honor of a family's or a church's patron saint, for which musicians may be hired (922)

slip jig Irish traditional dance tune and dance step in 9/8 rhythm (843, 1190)

slow air Type ofIrish traditional instrumental tune; also known as a lament (843, 1125)

soittokunta Finnish brass bands that developed in the United States in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, sponsored by temperance societies and socialist organizations (874)

Soldatenlieder German songs abour soldiers and war (889)

someak Inuit/Eskimo single-headed frame drum with a short handle of wood, ivory, or bone on the lower side of the insttument (476)

son jarocho Variety of son associated with the jarocho regional culture of southern coastal Veracruz in Mexico (723-724)

son (pI. sones) (I) In Mexico, a mestizo musical genre marked by regional traditions, usually with vigorous rhythm, simple harmony, and strophic form; (2) Cuban strophic song with interludes of instrumental improvisation and fixed clave (13, 728, 788, 790, 791-93, 798)

song plugging Music industry designation for the promotional work done by a publisher on behalf of its compositions (258)

sorry songs Western Subarctic regions songs expressive of sad feelings when recalling the memory of a deceased friend or relative; also called mourning songs (388)

soukous Highly danceable, Latin-influenced popular music style from Zaire that has met with some success in the world music/world beat market (338,1213)

sound instrument Object that makes a sound, not necessarily used within a musical context (429, 431,472-475, 478-479)

spektak 'Spectacle', an elaborate concert of Haitian music featuring a variety of entertainment, often including dance bands, folkloric troupes, comedians, and singers (804)

square dance Social dance in which sets of four couples form squares and execute a series of patterns shouted out by a caller (160, 223, 559, 760,841, 865, 871, 888,1190-1191,1256)

sralai 'Shawm', Cambodian quadruple-reed wind instrument played as part of the pinnpeat ensemble, in the court, and at funerals (1001)

starogradske pjesme Late-nineteenth-century city songs from Croatia and Serbia (921, 923)

step dance Solo dance in hard-soled shoes, execured with quick, rhythmical footwork close to the ground; still performed in the Maritimes and Quebec, where step dance competitions are popular (223, 284, 344, 846,1125,1128, 1130)

stev Practiced by Norwegian immigrants in the nineteenth century, singing consisting of short one-strophe poems set to formulaic melodies (866)

Stomp Dance Songs performed among the Creek Indians in the summer (368-370, 464, 467-471)

storneUo Genre of sung Sicilian poetry (861) suona Chinese shawm-type double-reed wind

instrument (961, 1260) surjaran Coffeehouse tradirion of music, conversa-

rion, and refreshment within the Armenian American community (1032-1033)

suspension rattle Rattle made by suspending objects from a stick or other device so that when shaken the objects strike one anorher and produce sound; also called jingle rattles (429,434, 474)

sutartines Archaic Lithuanian song gente that features contrapuntal singing and is usually performed by two to four people (875-876)

syllabic Style of vocalizing the text of a song in which there is one syllable of text to one note of music (378, 389, 401, 416-417, 426, 629, 905, 1079,1086)

syncopation In Western music, the displacement or shifting of an accent so that it falls on a weak mettic beat (see index)

tabla North Indian small drums played as a pair (339-340,504,951,953,981,983-984,986, 1197,1216, 1246)

taiko Japanese drum (336, 527, 970-973,1026, 1064,1096,1217,1235,1248)

takebue Japanese transverse bamboo flure (972) tambora Small drum used especially to accompany

the merengue with ptominent percussion accompaniment and group song, especially important during Dominican carnival (731,773)

tamboril Small Basque drum typically played by the right hand to accompany oneself while playing the txistu (flute) with the left hand (849)

tamboulaAfrican drum associated with La Calinda (596)

tamburitza Fretted long-necked lute plucked with a flat plectrum, found in South Slavic areas of the Balkans (529, 826, 829, 919-923, 932)

tango Ballroom dance of Argentine origin in 4/4 time featuring stylized bodily postures (see index)

tan-singing Form ofIndo-Caribbean neotraditional music sung by semiprofessional specialists (815-816)

tar (I) Single membrane frame drum, widespread in the Near East; often called diiff(2) Iranian plucked lute (1034,1045,1189)

tarantella Italian and Corsican dance in vivacious 6/8 time that derives its name from a dancetherapy ritual supposedly prescribed to cure a person bitten by a tarantula (860-861,865, 1196)

tardeada Hispanic afternoon dance (773) tassa Drum and drum ensemble, played at wed-

dings, Muslim Moharrum commemorations (in Trinidad Hosay), and other events (815-816, 1208)

techno Category of 1980s fast electronic dance music (230, 341, 355, 359, 691)

Tejano music Popular music ftom the border regions of Texas and Mexico (720, 721, 770,- 781)

tessitura Most comfortable or general range of a voice or instrument (I 25, 654, 836, 922, 1087)

timbales Metal-shelled, single-headed drums popular in Cuban dance styles (694, 748, 788, 794-797)

timbre Quality of a musical sound, interval or ensemble that distinguishes it from another (see index)

Tin Pan Alley Nickname given to an area of New York City where many music publishers were located in the early twentieth century; name is credited to a newspaperman who thought the sound of so many pianos in one locale sounded like tin pans being banged together (J2, 194-195,260, 548-549,705)

tololoche Mexican-style string bass, often with three strings rather than the four strings typical of the symphonic string bass (723)

tonbak Iranian wooden singleheaded drum (1034) tone cluster Gtoup of pitches contiguous either dia-

tonically or chromatically, played together; pioneered by the American composer Henry Cowell (1897-1965) (174)

tremolo Right hand plectrum technique used on the mandolin especially bur also on other chordophones played with the plectrum in which the plectrum is moved rapidly back and forth over one or more strings to produce a sustained sound consisting of thirty-second or sixty-fourth notes (166, 368, 397, 400-402, 423, 445)

IreS Cuban guitarlike instrument (728, 759, 787, 792-793)

tresillo Three-note rhythmic ostinato found in Cuban popular music (783, 786)

triccaballacche Italian wooden clapper (860) tror 'Two-stringed fiddle', Cambodian string instru-

ment played in contemporary versions of the pinnpeat ensemble (100 I)

trovadore Composer-songmakers who were an important part of traditional New Mexican Hispano society (757-758, 792)

trovo Song duel within Hispano culture, in which two or more performers sing alternate verses (757-758)

tsymbaly Ukrainian hammered dulcimer (345, 826, 913-914,917,1082, 1089,1242)

tumbadora Single-headed, elongated, barrel-shaped drum, commonly called conga, used particularly in Afro-Cuban rumba music (729)

tumbao Ostinato pattern resulting from interlocking rhythms played by the bass and conga, found in son (792)

tune family Group of related melodies descending ftom a common ancestor that share melodic contours and important structural pitches; most often applied to groups of Child ballads (511, 834,841)

turntable Phonograph; an essential component of a hip-hop Drs equipment (166-167,169-170, 229-230,683,687,692-695)

tuvan throat singing Striking vocal tradition from the steppes of Mongolia that has been ptomoted successfully to an international world music audience (339, 340)

txistu Basque flure, usually played in conjunction with a small drum (731, 849)

'ud Also oud, ood, Fretless pear-shaped lute with a round belly, bent neck, and eleven strings, ten of which are in double courses (1025 , 1032, 1034, 1037,1040,1199)

uilleann pipes Traditional Irish bellows-blown bagpipe (326, 842, 845)

utai Vocalization of no drama chanting sometimes performed outside the theater by amateur performers (969, 1084)

vaudeville Theatrical form consisting of a variety of unrelated performing acts, including actors, singers, dancers, acrobats, comedians, magicians, trained animals, and other specialty acts (see index)

vihuela Five-stringed Mexican guitar with spined, convex back, used in the mariachi ensemble and in the con junto de arpa grande ensemble (722-723,737, 762, 765)

villancico Luso-Hispanic song gente whose form and character changed over its long history; today the term refers to a Christmas carol or a popular song featuring verses and a refrain (848-850, 853)

vina Seven-stringed (four melody strings, three drone strings) lute/stick zither ofIndian classical music (951 , 984,1044)

violiio Portuguese (Brazilian) guitar (850) vioLts de arames Portuguese and Brazilian guitar-

like instruments whose number of strings (five, seven, eight, ten, twelve, fourteen) vary according ro the region of origin (850)

vocable A syllable that is consistent with the phonemes of a language but which carries no referential meaning; used ro vocalize music, as in "fa-la-la"; often carries emotional meaning

l-0rsanger Lead singer of hymns in Mennonite services (886-887)

wail4 Social dance music, sometimes called "chicken scratch," of the Tohono O'odham people featuring accordion, bass, guitar, drums, and saxophone (fiddles in the old style) (213, 436-437,439,473,479,489-490,851 - 852)

waltz Pan-European dance in triple time that became popular in North America early in the nineteenth century and became the dominant basis for popular song at the turn of the twentieth century; survives today both in the ballroom and in folk fiddling (see index)

water drum American Indian drum that is partially filled with water (431-432, 454-455, 463, 468, 472,476-477,487)

wayang golek Puppet theater using rod puppets with wooden heads, rorso, and arms particularly popular in West Java (Sunda) but also found in Central Java (1012, 1020)

wayang kulit Shadow puppet theater using perforated leather puppets against an illuminated

cloth screen, often accompanied by gamelan music; in Java the performance sometimes lasts up ro nine houts and audiences view both sides of the screen; in Bali a performance may last three ro four hours with the audience mostly on the shadow side; the stories most often dramatized are from the Hindu epics the Mahabharata and the Rnmayana, with local characters and ropics added (1012,1020)

wenchang luo Civil gong, large size, used in Chinese music (960)

wiejska Village-style Polish band (894) Wolf Dance In the Western Arctic, a dance named

according ro the animal honored in the song text (375, 399, 482)

world beat Term used ro describe hybrid music that combines traditional and/or non-Western musical elements with contemporary pop styles and production values; often the result of cross-cultural collaboration between producers and musicians (74, 334, 337-342, 359-360, 489, 806,955,983,1203)

world music Label used ro market folk, classical, and popular musics from outside the AngloAmerican mainstream ro Western audiences (see index)

wuchang luo Small military gong used in Chinese music (960)

xiaoluo Small gong (961) xiqu (Chinese operas) General term for about 350

distinct types of music-drama in contemporary China (960)

yangqin Chinese hammered dulcimer (960, 962, 1248,1262)

yataibayashi Musical ensemble seated on a /loat used in processions for traditional Japanese festivals (970)

yifan Cantonese mode in which the intervals fo and ti are prominent (264)

yonsei Fourth-generation Japanese American; third generation to be born on American soil (970)

Yueju/Yuht kehk (Cantonese opera) Major southern Chinese operatic gente from the Pearl River Delta, as well as Hong Kong (958, 960, 962)

yueqin Moon-shaped four-stringed Chinese plucked lute (961)

yuka Older style of rumba (786) zampogna Italian bagpipe (860-861) zampona Cane panpipes, often played in comple-

mentary pairs, associated with the Andean region of South America (730)

zapateado Dance patterns involving the stamping of the feet characteristic of an array of Spanish and Hispanic American dances (848)

zarzuel4 Distinctively Spanish musical theatrical genre with origins dating back ro sixteenthcentury court entertainment and today sharing features with opera and operetta (848, 851-853)

zheng Sixteen-or twenty-one-stringed Chinese zither (518, 954, 957-960, 962, 966,1083)

zither Stringed instrument with a shallow horizontal soundboard, played with pick and fingers (see index)

zortiko Dance song in a rapid 5/8 meter, generally divided into units of three and twO beats (849)