ABSTRACT
This chapter utilizes the digital tape measure for illustration purposes. The digital tape is a simple analogy for ground penetrating radar (GPR) and, consequently, it is used to introduce the implementation of GRP. GPR is a true wave-based method in that this method must include the effects of wave propagation, and this one difference between GPR and electromagnetic induction totally changes the nature of the instrumentation, the data acquisition, and the interpretation. Reflection and refraction are the only wave effects which are necessary to understand GPR. The amount of ray bending that occurs when a wave passes from one medium to another is proportional to the ratio of the wave speeds in the two mediums. The chapter explores the amount of ray bending that occurs when a ray passes across an interface separating materials of differing wave speed depends on the change in wave speed across the interface.
