ABSTRACT
Executive functions are a set of interrelated mental processes used to concentrate and pay attention. As a set, they account for more than twice the variation in final grades than IQ and can be developed throughout life, though longer-term benefits are most easily achieved in childhood. There are three executive functions that form the foundation for all higher-order thinking processes such as reasoning, problem solving, and planning: working memory, cognitive flexibility, and inhibitory control. Working memory is the mental whiteboard of the mind where new information is temporarily stored and manipulated. It is essential for recalling lists and sequences, mental problem solving, and relating new things to existing ideas. Cognitive flexibility is the ability to think creatively, change perspectives, and adapt to new rules and constraints. Cognitive flexibility can be developed through long-duration, high-intensity practice of activities requiring empathy, critical thinking, and creativity.
