ABSTRACT
Traditional educational approaches emphasize input or storage processes—i.e., pushing information into long-term memory—such as rereading material, reviewing notes, and relistening to a lecture. These approaches pale in comparison and effectiveness to approaches that emphasize output or retrieval—i.e., pulling information out from long-term memory—such as tests of various kinds. The most superficial type of retrieval practice emphasizes rote retrieval of facts, which is basically only useful for exam preparation. In rote retrieval, the retrieval practice closely resembles the final assessment in content and format. By contrast, rich retrieval builds knowledge and skills by using tests to prepare students to synthesize and apply their learning in novel contexts. In rich retrieval, the retrieval practice uses open-ended questions or practical applications that change as the student improves. Retrieval practice generally outperforms all traditional forms of studying.
