ABSTRACT
Muhammad Ali's educational reforms were seriously underfunded and severely, in some instances brutally, executed. All the Egyptian graduate physicians worked for Muhammad Ali, who paid them as little as he could. If, as the European sources say, the graduate Egyptians showed spates of arrogance to their foreign guests, it is clear they had excellent models to emulate. The only schools available for Egyptians to teach in were state schools. The technically and medically trained Egyptian was locked in a dead-end, career-shunting cage built by Muhammad Ali. Unable to face defeat, Muhammad Ali let the deadline of the ultimatum pass, at which point the British went to war. Muhammad Ali's return letter ordered that the arrested students should be released to continue their studies, but if there was a repeat performance they should be immediately returned to Egypt in chains.
