ABSTRACT
Governmental technologies are the means by which rationalities of government are deployed, and by which governing is accomplished. A focus on technologies is essential to governmentality analysis because it brings an element of materiality to the study of power-it expands the domain of government into the realm of objects, measurements, and instruments. This chapter demonstrates the operation of both market and rights technologies in the European Union's (EU's) external trade/environment agenda. It provides an overview of the EU's external trade/environment "toolbox"—the legal and policy tools that it uses to export its environmental norms abroad. The chapter explores five representative tools: multilateral agreements, unilateral import restrictions, environmental conditionality, sustainability impact assessments, and horizontal and voluntary partnerships. In addition to law and policing, governing occurs by means of administrative forms, data collection, and balance of payments modeling. The chapter presents a case study, discussing the operation of rights and market technologies in the context of the recent EU–Colombia/Peru Free Trade Agreement (FTA).
