ABSTRACT
Reflecting on the prominence and social meanings of popular Sufism and its music within Fez, Chapter 7 considers a semi-classical form of devotional music that increasingly makes use of these other types of religious sounds to localize itself. Following the work of malhun artists in collaboration with hamadsha, ʿissawa, and gnawa musicians, this section considers the relationship between religious piety and economic pragmatism as it plays out in Fez.
