ABSTRACT
A gas that contributes to the greenhouse effect by absorbing infrared radiation is called a greenhouse gas (GHG). The primary sources of GHGs are electricity production, transportation, industry, commercial and residential buildings, agriculture, and land use and forestry. The chapter explains three GHGs: Carbon dioxide (CO2), Methane (CH4), and Nitrous oxide (N2O). The CO2 emission from internal combustion engines is larger than that of CH4 and N2O emissions. Biofuels may produce less carbon dioxide, and therefore, they are not carbon-neutral because fossil fuels are used in their production, such as, in making fertilizers for growing plants. The mass of carbon dioxide emission from internal combustion engines is directly proportional to the mass flow rate of hydrocarbon fuel. Carbon content in fuel is generally oxidized during combustion and converted to CO and then to CO2. Methane emission formation is lower in a hydrogen dual-fuel mode than in a CNG dual-fuel mode.
