ABSTRACT
The general desire to reduce uncertainty stems also from the need for decision makers to be accountable for their actions, and as they become more reluctant to make mistakes, the level of risk aversion throughout the process of managing R&D tends to increase. While implementation skills are not amenable to rigid formulation by mathematical equations, they are widely recognized in the business world as essential ingredients of the managerial process, and to a varying degree they too are included in MBA programmes, though for the most part these skills are acquired and perfected through experience. One organizational solution is to have two groups of people, one dominated by, or consisting solely of, analysts, and the other consisting of lateral thinkers. The adoption of externally commissioned designs is quite common in the textile and fashion industry, for jewellery, furniture and many household goods, and even for cars and engineering products.
