ABSTRACT
Personal injuries against honor, that is against the correct amount of esteem that a citizen has the right to expect from others, must be punished with public condemnation. This condemnation is a signal of public disapproval that deprives the offender of public acceptance, of the trust of his country and of the brotherhood that is the inspiration of society. This is not a matter of legal discretion. It is therefore necessary that the condemnation inflicted by the law should be the same that emanates from the relationship of things, the same as that which comes from universal morality or from a specific morality deriving from particular systems that inspire common opinion in a given nation. If the one is different from the other, either the law loses public veneration, or the ideas of morality and probity vanish, despite declamations which can never overcome the weight of examples.
