ABSTRACT
For years, European elites had been living in a state of denial. They wanted more democracy but were surprised and unprepared when it appeared that the erosion of authority was leading to anarchy. Present day challenges to Europe are different in character: Neither Islamism nor Chinese Neo-nationalism nor Russia's Putinism present serious ideological challenges. The European situation is different in essential respects. Poor in raw materials and energy resources, it will find it difficult to maintain its standard of living and social achievements unless united. The minor countries will find it very costly to opt out of Europe, even more costly than staying in. For this reason, the unraveling of Europe, if it should come to this, may take longer than often assumed. It is not certain that even a united Europe will have the vigor and political will to play a truly important role in world affairs.
