ABSTRACT
The history of ancient Greece and Rome exercised a great attraction for Europeans and Americans in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries and was readily incorporated into the general theories. Greece neither controlled nor represented all of inhabited Europe. The Phoenician settlements of the European shores of the Mediterranean were distinct from Hellas both geographically and culturally, as were also countless tribal societies in the European hinterland. The new empire, founded by the Hellenized Macedonian king, united the two areas of the world that Herodotus had separated as Europe and Asia. Pericles propounded a plan for uniting all the Greek states on the continent, in Asia Minor, in Thrace, in Macedonia, and on the islands in one great league for the limited purpose of peacefully settling Greek disputes. The only goal that eluded concerted realization was peace, and the chief reason for this failure seems to have been the very success of the city-state.
