ABSTRACT
Tocqueville excluded the providential religious dynamism from the polity and invested it in the individual's habits of republican self-control. Lyman Beecher has been made a hero of Sidney Mead's "religion of the republic"—a kind of Thomas Jefferson in clerical garb. Indeed, Campbell—a staunch natural rights advocate, an "agrarian", and eventually the founder of a college in Bethany, West Virginia—shared many opinions with Jefferson and admired the sage of Monticello. In 1848, revolution struck Europe, greatly encouraging movements like "Young America" and adding a measure of cheek to the rectitude of the American experiment and the providential and progressive nature of republican institutions. Comparable hyperbole can be found in Adam Mickiewicz, in Mazzini, and in some of the trumpeters of the British Empire; indeed in Marx's claims about the eminence of "German philosophy" and its supersession by the climactic revolution of the proletariat.
