ABSTRACT
This chapter examines the four types of explanatory variables internal to social participants. Materialistic variables were described as referring to innate characteristics of the participant's body, including both intake needs and output capabilities. Nurturistic variables were described as referring to the same characteristics as materialism, but in their socially influenced aspects. Gary T. Marx and Frederick Engels are among the classical progenitors of materialism and nurturism. Instinctivistic variables include Freud and Pareto among their classical progenitors. Such variables refer to innate characteristics of the participant's mind–including instincts and other cognitive, cathectic, and conative dispositions presumed to be genetically determined. Enculturistic variables include Mead among their classical progenitors, and have the same empirical referents as instinctivistic variables but in their socially influenced aspects rather than their existentially given aspects. Six enculturistic variables were given special attention here: self, conceptualizations of macro cultural and social structures, role-expectations, conscience, symbols, and meaning.
