ABSTRACT
International development aid is a market in which agencies, governments, and nongovernmental organizations operate. Development is a commodity which takes the form of large and small projects. These are traded for loans and gifts to generate political and economic advantages for the institutional participants in the exchange. The commodity is not immaterial as it incorporates equipment and above all the final recipients. In this book, the authors had illustrated many different paths to modernization which have been tried in this period: regimenting peasants to make them produce for the market, appropriating the cattle of nomadic pastoralists, concentrating in villages peoples that historically lived in small scattered groups, mass resettling of peasants in areas of high productivity, and exploiting in large farms laborers expropriated from the land. Finally, the book deals with the historical processes of the pre-colonial period. The focus is on the development of productive forces and on the need for modernization implicit in colonial exploitative relations.
