ABSTRACT
Guilt has the same structure as shame, except the orders of magnitude of anger and fear is reversed, producing a very different emotional experience. Alienation has the same structure as shame, except that attribution dynamics shift the target of anger from the self to others and, potentially, to social structures. Social change is thus often driven by negative emotional arousal and attribution dynamics, especially when negative emotions like shame are repressed and transmute into such powerful and disruptive emotions as diffuse anger and humiliated fury. All scholars who study human emotions agree that, at the very least, humans are hard-wired in their neurology to experience and express four primary emotions: satisfaction-happiness, assertion-anger, aversion-fear, and disappointment-sadness. Humans capacity control was probably necessary for the development of more variations of primary emotions as well as first-and second-order elaborations of mixes built from primary emotions.
