ABSTRACT
This chapter surveys developments in the economies, social structures, and political parties of European societies which are relevant to an analysis of trends. The transformation in class attitudes as reflected in political and interest group behavior is most noticeable in northern non-Latin Europe and among the socialist and Roman Catholic political parties. The one country in which research data exist which bear on the relationship between degrees of modernization and bureaucratization of industry and the attitudes of industrial managers in contemporary Spain. Modernization reduces the sources of worker hostility to management by altering the sources of managerial behavior. There are many sources of political strain within stable democratic societies. The stratification systems of all inherently involve a grossly inegalitarian distribution of status, income, and power. Much of democratic politics involves the efforts of the lower strata to equalize the conditions of existence and opportunity.
