ABSTRACT
In Kepler, the desire for unity had expressed itself in a passion that was both religious and scientific, but was limited to a special field. Spinoza (1632-77) displays the same desire in a more general and philosophic form. His passion for unity, at once intellectual and emotional, was so intense that it carried him in certain respects outside the European tradition, beyond the limitations of Judaism, Christianity, and contemporary dualistic science. Goethe and Marx are alike concerned with the development of man in this terrestrial world, and Marx's revolt against the anarchy of individualist capitalism has the same significance in the social sphere as Goethe's dislike of the disintegrating influence of analytical thought in the personal. In challenging the supposed supremacy of consciousness Freud was engaged in a struggle as difficult as that of Marx in challenging the supposed idealism of the propertied classes, and each needed the clear-cut divisions of a dualistic system in order to maintain his attack.
