ABSTRACT
Gottschalk and GIeser's scales are oldest, appearing in 1961; Hall and Van De Castle's system was published in 1966; Klein et al.'s and Truax's in 1967; Bordin's in 1968.
One of the systems (Hall and Van De Castle) was empirically derived within a psychoanalytic framework, two were quite directly derived from psychoanalytic theory (Bordin; Gottschalk and GIeser), and the remaining two directly from Rogerian theory (Klein et al.; Truax).
