This chapter traces the evolution of the PRC’s foreign relations from close alignment with the Soviet bloc (the “lean to one side” period) through an accommodationist policy with Third World states (the Bandung era, with its adoption of the Pancha Shila, or Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence) followed by belligerent semi-isolation and, finally, entry into the international system, where China is now a dominant player. The PRC’s recent military and diplomatic assertiveness, particularly with regard to the East China and South China seas, when combined with the country’s economic power, have caused concerns among many other states. They are, however, constrained in taking action either individually or by coalition formation, since their economic prosperity is, to varying degrees, dependent on good relations with China.