ABSTRACT
This chapter examines the nature and extent of Islamophobia in Europe. It argues that Muslims living in Europe face victimisation and discrimination in a broad range of settings and particularly when looking for work, at work, and when trying to access public or private services (FRA 2017). However, all the available data and statistics about Islamophobic hate crime in Europe show only the tip of the iceberg. The vast majority of European states do not record hate crime or anti-Muslim/Islamophobic incidents as a separate category of hate crime. Drawing on FRA’s European Union Minorities and Discrimination Surveys (FRA 2009; 2017) and the European Islamophobia Report Project, this chapter examines the nature and extent of Islamophobia in Europe. It argues that Muslims living in Europe face victimisation and discrimination in a broad range of settings and particularly when looking for work, at work, and when trying to access public or private services (FRA 2017).
