ABSTRACT
Cartesian dualism assumes that the human mind and mental states experienced as consciousness may occur without relation or regard to the human body. Substance dualism posits that the world is comprised of two fundamental substances, mental substances and material substances. Property dualism refers to the mental properties of a system that are distinct and irreducible to its physical properties. Given the mutual importance of culture in shaping the mind and the mind as a primary means for cultural niche construction, dualism assumes that the acquisition and maintenance of human culture in the mind may occur without the body or a physical representation in the world. Neuropsychological patients and convergent evidence from other neuroscience techniques show that mental states and neural states can appear to exist independently, but regularity in changes of identity relations suggests that functionalism guides the mapping of mental and neural states.
