ABSTRACT
The Declaration of Independence articulated the ideal of equality and set the bar for how a democratic republic should operate. One of the fundamental concepts American students learn about the bicameral Congress in their civics and United States (US) government classes is the contrasting nature and purpose of the Senate and the House. The shortcomings of the Electoral College in respecting political equality are simply a reflection of the malapportionment in the House and Senate. The malapportionment cases of the 1960s have had a real impact on the realization of political equality in the House, but they dealt only with intrastate malapportionment. Interstate malapportionment in the House reflects the need to give each state at least one Representative and to contain each congressional district within a given state. The inequality of the people in the Senate and the Electoral College is a direct consequence of the equality of the states that is the bedrock principle of federalism.
